振藩截拳道的後期發展 作者:黃錦銘、劉祿銓
李小龍英年早逝，截拳道在他逝世之前的後期發展也最不為人們所理解。大多數人根據李小龍的居住地來劃分他的發展階段，他們認為李小龍最初練的是詠春拳，然後在西雅圖將其改進為振藩功夫，並在奧克蘭進一步發展成為振藩拳道，直到後來在洛杉磯創立截拳道。其他人通過一些武術派別對他的影響來注意其發展變化，這些武術種類有詠春拳、西洋拳擊、西洋劍術等等。但是，我們必須明白，這些發展階段並非能夠被清楚地劃分。因為振藩截拳道中的特定發展是逐漸發生的，而且不同階段在很大程度上也是相互重疊的。另外，僅根據技法本身並不能解釋這些階段。我們還必須學習李小龍的格鬥理念與人生哲學，以便能夠更好地理解振藩截拳道。
李小龍的演變
有人可能會以為李小龍教給每個學生的都不一樣，認為他是根據每個學生的自身情況給予的特殊指導。因為他教的每個人都有不同的需求，但事實並非如此。通過仔細分析李小龍的私人便條，我們發現，除了為適應個別學生而作的微小改進或者強調學生所需要的特定要求外，李小龍教給每個學生的東西從本質上講都是一樣的。從喬·路易士到卡裏姆·阿布杜爾·賈巴爾，再到斯特林·斯裏芬特，直至他所訓練的振藩國術館的每一位學員，李小龍在同一期間內（1967－1970）教了本質上一樣的技法。李小龍很可能發現了某些學生擅長某些技法，而另一些學生擅長其他技法。所以，李小龍的教學理念就是如何使他們的力量或潛能發揮到極至，同時掩蓋或者保護自身弱點。李小龍得出的結論是：因為我們只有兩隻手、兩隻腳，所以我們的目的就是如何最好地運用它們。
然而，我們也必須認識到，李小龍的學生更可能從實戰中接受並理解他所強調的東西（注：這樣個性化就產生了）。作為一名武學家，他從實戰中學到了更多的真理。所以，他在西雅圖居住時認為重要的東西，在他落戶洛杉磯時並非還那麼重要。李小龍堅持一生的一些原則可以證明這點。另外，課堂上教的內容有時會與他在家裏和少量幾個學生所做的練習不同。在振藩國術館裏，課程安排的目的是使學生成為全面的技擊者。
但是，如果與李小龍單獨訓練的話，學生會學到李小龍當時正在研究的一些東西。這是否意味著在洛杉磯中國城的振藩國術館中的學生和在李小龍家裏的弟子學到了完全不同的東西呢？不是的。兩者的不同只在於對於入室弟子的期望值更高、更要求精益求精、做的實驗更多而已。
另外，即使是在同一班裏的學生也會關注於不同的原則和理念。通常，學生們會更集中於他們擅長的或理解比較深的東西而加以練習（個性風格產生的原因）。比如，李凱擅長解釋截拳道中的陰、陽兩個方面，而黃錦銘強調步法的重要性。更進一步來說，畢竟在眾多向李小龍求學的弟子當中，有誰能夠在全過程的接觸以及全面的闡釋振藩截拳道方面 ，能夠超過李小龍本人呢？這也是李小龍的弟子們為什麼以他們從自己老師那學到東西引以為榮的原因所在。為了後輩，這些收集的資訊需要得到保存。
總之，雖然李小龍一生有很多學生，他們都基於自己的需要，以及老師當時所強調的要點，和每個人認為重要的地方，而學到了不同的東西。李小龍大多數變化和發展都不是直接教授給他的學生們的，但他們可以通過在訓練課時觀察他（李小龍），來發現他動作的變化。出拳角度的略微變化、勾踢力度的加強、出拳時機的微妙變化等等。另外，與李小龍一起練拳能學到很多東西。他的戰略戰術和技術、技巧一直在提高，實戰效果和效率也在逐漸進步。所以，與他一起練拳越來越難。甚至李小龍1964年和1967年長堤國際空手道錦標賽的練拳錄影帶也不能代表他幾年後會如何練拳（1969－1971）。但這些提高實際上是一些很小的、微妙的變化也是長期積累的結果，是這些變化的總和而使得變化更加明顯。如果一個人觀察李小龍武學體系演變的全過程，他會發現一個逐步變化的體系，但如果只觀察始末兩端的話，他或她就會發現兩個不同的格鬥體系。比如，如果事先不瞭解截拳道，人們可能認為李小龍在西雅圖的學生與洛杉磯的學生從師與不同的人，甚至學的是不同的武術門派。
李小龍的改革
但最明顯的不同是李小龍的格鬥方法和分析格鬥術的途徑。變化的與其說是他的技法，不如說是他的分析，以及如何去發展和運用這些技法。物理學、生物力學、運動技能學和心理學都應用于其中，形成科學基礎，使技法結構、人體表現都最佳化，同時確保振藩截拳道的實效性。比如，李小龍把速度、力量、心理戰、戰略、戰術都應用與他的格鬥中，以使自己的實戰能力加強。早在1969年，李小龍科學的比較研究了截拳道與其他派別的技法，諸如在當年的一篇文章裏探討了振藩截拳道的沖捶和空手道的後手直拳之間的異同，並得到了一些量化的結果。
李小龍為了從傳統武術中解放出來而做的努力在西雅圖時就已開始，當時他改進了詠春拳以適應不同環境。他在詠春拳的結構內強調適應性。這個過程一直持續到他移居奧克蘭。在那裏，他與一位武術家的切磋使他更多地向詠春拳體系外尋找更高的效率，以及對格鬥而言更廣闊的視野。
在洛杉磯，因為詠春拳已不能適應他的發展方向，他最終拋棄了其中許多技法與方法，使自己外在於該體系。在1969－1973年期間，詠春拳已不再是振藩截拳道的主要組成部分。但是如果要界定李小龍的武術發展歷程的話，詠春拳是很大、很重要的一部分。振藩截拳道如果沒有它的話可能會不完整，正如李小龍所說：“我的成就歸功於先前詠春拳的訓練。”儘管如此，在他的後期，李小龍拋棄了詠春拳及其它所有武術門派的形式，因為他們變得越來越不重要了。對他來說，任何體系都沒有邊界和限制，他能夠真正毫無偏見地來審視格鬥。李小龍的振藩截拳道不是某一體系的簡單改進或拋棄，也不是非得學習研究所有不同的武術派別，而是對武術全新的理解過程和方法。“自由”這一哲學觀使得李小龍能夠真正擺脫任何形式的束縛，因此能充分發揮作為武術家的潛力。這種“解放”的特徵是振藩截拳道練習者成長的根本，這也正是李小龍如此強調它的原因。他發現脫離於任何體系能使自己更快地提高自己的功夫。
李小龍的截拳道
人們常常據此來定義振藩截拳道的格鬥手段和截拳道哲學。振藩截拳道的格鬥體系，事實上有自己的風格特徵或特性，包括李小龍實際運用的技法和動作。它追求適應性、格鬥效果和效率，本質包括詠春拳、拳擊、擊劍等門派的要素。但振藩截拳道的哲學更具普遍性，能應用於任何武術門派。比如，其中一個知覺印象是客觀地看待格鬥和生活，而不是以通過先前條件影響形成的“凹凸鏡”去看待。這非常重要，因為大多數人都基於他們過去的經驗來觀察事件。比如，有柔道經驗的人可能會把其他武術門派的摔跤技法與柔道中的摔跤聯繫起來。但這限制了他的客觀性和分析深度，因為他已經有關於技巧、戰術和技法運用的預想觀念。在截拳道中，人們嘗試把它當成其“本身事實”，而不是當成它使人想到的東西。截拳道練習者必須開闊自己的視野，並最終脫離於任何武術門派。
另一個振藩截拳道哲學的重要觀念就是要“似水”。格鬥中的“似水”指的是要靈活去適應任何衝突與格鬥場景，以便能夠駕馭自己，擊敗敵人。柔、順、敏感的觀念也有助於人們更好地處理生活問題，因為人們會變得更加視野開闊，並找到有創造性的解決途徑。李小龍的哲學植根於道家哲學，事實上，它能幫人過上更積極和有意義的生活。但是，振藩截拳道遠非僅僅是李小龍的哲學，人們可能會忘卻李小龍對武術的所有貢獻。振藩截拳道核心是要保留振藩截拳道包括它的哲學在內的基本基石，這對後人更好地理解李小龍和他的武術非常重要。如果是這趨勢的話，學生們被鼓勵學習其他武術，經驗和智力允許的時候還可以加入自己的發展。儘管如此，我們只是希望振藩截拳道的老師在傳授的時候，集中于和聚焦於振藩截拳道，這是李小龍對武術的個人體會。這樣，振藩截拳道就能以更連貫、更少混亂的方式得到發揚光大。
李小龍認為，個人一定要不斷進步、發展以求趕上這不斷變化的世界的節奏。一個人武術的提高與進步也是如此，應該是連續地、逐步地，而不是大變大添。另外，李小龍認為每個人都須為自己的個人發展來不斷提高自己。在李小龍的一生當中，他作為一個最偉大的武術家，而具有其獨特的地位。他當然不需要他的弟子和後輩們 “使他和他的武學不遜色於其他”。進一步講，將自己從所有有利於截拳道的武術門派中解放出來加速了截拳道的發展。在某種意義上，截拳道伴隨李小龍一生，但他在1967年才決定給它取名。若以李小龍為榜樣，學習截拳道的人最終將會把自己從截拳道和李小龍中解放出來。而這正是李小龍要求的。
本文著作權為振藩截拳道核心和李小龍教育基金會所有
注：本文發表於2006年5月《中華武術》
Article By Ted Wong and Tommy Gong
Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do's Later Developments
From the Bruce Lee (TM) Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do (TM) Magazine, December 1997.
The later developments of Bruce Lee's (TM) Jeet Kune Do (TM), prior to his untimely death, are some of the least understood. Most people separate Lee's stages of development by the places where he resided, acknowledging that he initially practiced Wing Chun Gung Fu and modified it into Jun Fan Gung Fu in Seattle, further developed Jun Fan in Oakland, and later created Jeet Kune Do (TM) in Los Angeles. Others notice changes in Lee's development by understanding what martial arts influenced him such as Wing Chun, Boxing, and Fencing. We must understand, however, that these stages are not this clearly delineated. Specific developments in JFJKD gradually occurred over time, and distinct phases overlap each other considerably. In addition, mere technique cannot explain these stages; one must also study Bruce Lee's (TM) mental approach in fighting and philosophy of life to better understand Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do (TM).
Bruce Lee's (TM) Evolution:
One may assume that Lee taught each student differently, giving something quite unique to each disciple, since each individual he taught had varying needs. But it is not this clear cut. Upon analyzing Bruce Lee's (TM) private notes, one discovers that Lee essentially taught the same things to all his students with the exception of some slight modifications to fit the individual student or to emphasize certain points or ideas that the student needed help with. From Joe Lewis to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar to Stirling Silliphant to all the members of the Nucleus who trained under him, Lee taught essentially the same techniques during the same time period (1967-70). What Lee probably discovered was that certain students excelled at executing certain techniques while other students performed other things better, and the idea was how to optimize their strengths and cover or protect their weaknesses. We must understand Lee concluded that since we only have two hands and two feet, the objective was how to use them to the maximum. However, one must also consider that Lee's students most likely received what he was emphasizing in combat at the time. As Lee was developing as a martial artist, he was discovering more truths in combat for himself, so what he found to be important when he resided in Seattle would not necessarily be important to him when he lived in Los Angeles. To qualify this, there were certain principles that Lee maintained throughout his lifetime. Moreover, what was taught in a class setting sometimes varied from what Lee practiced at his home with a few students. At the school, a class curriculum was followed to develop a student into a well-rounded fighter. But when training privately with Lee, the student learned what Bruce Lee (TM) was personally working on at the time. Does this mean that the Chinatown School students practiced radically different things than that of Lee¡¦s private students at home? No, but the level of expectation and refinement were probably higher (that is, when working with Bruce) and more experimentation was performed.
Moreover, students in the same class will often pick up on different key points, principles, and/or thoughts. Often students will concentrate harder on things they perform better or understand more deeply. For instance, Dan Lee excels with explaining the Yin and Yang aspects of Jeet Kune Do (TM) while Ted Wong emphasizes the importance of footwork. Furthermore, who better than his own students who knew Lee and were familiar with his circumstances to explain his art of JFJKD. This is why it is important for Lee's students to contribute what they learned from their great teacher, Bruce Lee (TM). It is this collection of information that needs to be preserved for future generations. To summarize, although Bruce Lee (TM) had quite a few students in his lifetime, they had all learned something different from him based on their individual needs, what Bruce Lee (TM) was concentrating on at the time, and what each student perceived to be important. Most of Bruce Lee's (TM) changes and developments were not taught to his students, but one could observe him during training sessions and sense changes in his movements. A slightly different angle of delivery here, a little more penetration in the sidekick there, a small difference in the timing of the punch, etc. In addition, a lot could be learned from Lee by sparring with him. His tactics, strategies, and movements improved over time toward more combat effectiveness and efficiency. As a result, it became increasingly difficult to spar him. Even the videos of Bruce Lee (TM) sparring during the 1964 and 1967 Long Beach Internationals Tournament were not representative of how he would spar just a few years later (1969-71). Furthermore, the improvements were actually slight, subtle changes that accumulated over time. It is the sum of these changes that makes it more apparent. If someone could observe Bruce Lee (TM) throughout this transformation, he would notice a gradually changing system; but if only observing Lee's beginning and end products in the martial arts, he or she would note two different fighting systems. For instance, without any prior knowledge in JFJKD, one would think that Lee¡¦s students in Seattle were taught by a different teacher or even studied a different martial art from his students in Los Angeles.
Bruce Lee's (TM) Revolution:
The most dramatic difference, however, was Bruce Lee's (TM) approach to fighting and way of critical analysis about fighting. It was not so much his techniques that changed, but rather how Lee analyzed them and as a result, would improve and use them. Sciences such as physics, biomechanics, kinesiology, and psychology were put to use so that a scientific basis was used to optimize the structure of techniques, human performance, as well as validating the effectiveness of JFJKD techniques. For instance, Lee applied such principles as speed, power, broken rhythm, psychological warfare, strategy, and tactics to his fighting so that he could maximize his ability in combat. As early as 1969(?), Lee was scientifically comparing his techniques to those from other arts: an article that year documented the comparison of the Straight Lead Punch from JFJKD to the Rear Punch from Karate with quantifiable results. Lee's liberation from the classical martial arts had already begun in Seattle with modifying Wing Chun to adapt to his different environment. He emphasized adaptability while basically remaining within the framework of the Wing Chun system. This process continued in Oakland, but his altercation with a Gung Fu man forced Bruce Lee (TM) to look more often outside of the system towards more efficiency and a more open view towards combat.
In Los Angeles, since he was developing in directions where Wing Chun would not fit him anymore, he eventually discarded many of its techniques and approaches, forcing him to be outside of the system. Wing Chun was no longer a part of Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do (TM) at this point in Bruce Lee's (TM) life (1969-73). But in defining Bruce Lee's (TM) evolution in the martial arts, Wing Chun is a large and important part of its development. JFJKD could possibly be incomplete without it, as Bruce Lee (TM) stated, "I owe my achievement to my previous training in the Wing Chun style." Nevertheless, in his later stages, Lee discarded Wing Chun as well as all other forms of martial arts because they became less important to him. No boundaries or limitations of any particular system would be imposed on him and he could truly look at combat objectively. Bruce Lee's (TM) development of Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do (TM) was not the mere modification or abandonment of a system, nor to necessarily study or research all different forms of martial arts, but a whole new thought process and approach to the martial arts. The philosophical notion of freedom allowed Lee to be truly free from the restrictions of any art, thereby being empowered to fully actualize his potential as a martial artist. It is with this liberating quality that the JFJKD practitioner really flourishes, and this is why Lee emphasized it so much. He found that being outside of any system allowed him to more quickly improve his martial arts.
Bruce Lee's (TM) Jeet Kune Do (TM):
This leads one to define the JFJKD fighting arsenal and JFJKD philosophy. It is the JFJKD fighting arsenal that actually has its own physical character or flavor, comprising of the techniques and movements that Bruce Lee (TM) actually performed. It is directed at adaptability, combat effectiveness and efficiency, a fighting system stripped down to its essentials comprising of elements from Wing Chun, Boxing, Fencing, etc. But JFJKD philosophy is more universal and can be applied to just about any martial art. For instance, one precept is to merely look at combat or life objectively, not through the lens of one's previous conditioning. This is very significant because most people observe things according to their past experiences. For example, a person with judo experience may associate throwing techniques from another martial art to those in judo. But this limits his scope of objectivity and analysis, because he already has preconceived notions about the mechanics, tactics, and usage of the technique. With JKD, one attempts to look at the art "as is", not what it reminds one of. The JKD practitioner must open up his mind and eventually be free from any particular martial art. Another important notion in JFJKD philosophy is to be like water. In terms of fighting, being like water means to have the adaptability to fit in with any confrontation or combative situation so that you can handle yourself and defeat your opponent. The idea of being soft, yielding, and sensitive also empowers one as a human being to deal with life's problems more effectively by becoming more open-minded with finding creative solutions. In fact, one would be able to apply much of Bruce Lee's (TM) philosophy, which is deeply rooted in Taoism, to live a more positive and rewarding life. However, there is a lot more to JFJKD than simply Bruce Lee's (TM) philosophy, and one may lose sight of Bruce Lee's (TM) total contribution to the martial arts. The JFJKD Nucleus wants to preserve the basic foundations of JFJKD, including its philosophy, so essential for future generations in fully understanding Bruce Lee (TM) and his art. If it is there inclination, students are encouraged to study other martial arts and add their own personal developments once they have the experience and intellectual sophistication to do so. Nevertheless, we simply want JFJKD teachers to concentrate and focus on JFJKD, that is Bruce Lee's (TM) personal expression in the martial arts, when they claim to teach it. In this way, JFJKD can be spread out in a much more consistent way with less confusion.
Lee said that one had to continually evolve to improve and keep pace with this changing world. Lee viewed this as a continual, gradual improvement and advancement of one's martial art instead of fundamentally changing and adding to it. In addition, Lee meant that each individual would have to improve himself for his own personal growth. Lee stands alone as the greatest martial arts of all time. He certainly does not need his students or future generations to "keep him or his art up with the Jones." Furthermore, liberating himself from any particular martial art contributed to Lee's accelerated development. In a sense, Jeet Kune Do (TM) had been occurring to Bruce Lee (TM) all his life, he just decided to give it a name in 1967. By following Lee's example, the JKD student would eventually liberate himself from as well as his identification with JKD and Bruce Lee (TM). That's what Bruce Lee (TM) wanted.
The Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do (TM) Nucleus.
© The Bruce Lee (TM) Educational Foundation - All rights reserved
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